2022 Fall Lecture Notes

Chapter 10 - Liquids and Solids

Day 1

08/17

Syllabus

• Introduction to intermolecular forces
  • Ask, “What makes an ideal gas, ideal?” at end. Lead into liquids.

Canvas Exams

• Syllabus

Day 2

08/19

Intermolecular Forces

Opener

Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry - Getman - 1913 - pg. 79

PDF

• Show intermolecular forces graph
• Draw structures and discuss boiling points (PDF)
  • IMF strength
  • Predominant IMF
  • Mass/size
  • Surface area
• Viscosity
  • Correlates with IMF strength
  • Decreases with increasing temperature
• Surface Tension
  • Correlates with IMF strength
  • Decreases with increasing temperature

Canvas Exams

• Intermolecular Forces
• Viscosity
• Surface Tension

Day 3

08/22

Opener

Principles of Physical Chemistry - Brey - 1958 - pg. 25-26

PDF

• Volatile vs non-volatile
• Phase Transitions
  • q = H_gas - H_liquid = ΔH_vap
  • q = H_liquid - H_solid = ΔH_fus
  • latent heat of vaporization, ΔH_vap
  • latent heat of fusion, ΔH_fus
  • latent heat of sublimation, ΔH_sub = , ΔH_fus + ΔH_vap
  • Compare reverse process
    • -ΔH_condensation = ΔH_vap
    • -ΔH_freezing = ΔH_fus
    • -ΔH_deposition = ΔH_sub
• Compare/contrast different values for ΔH_vap and ΔH_fus (extensive property)
  • Example: Water, 43.98 kJ mol^-1; acetic acid 23.36 kJ mol^-1
  • If 10 mol of each were vaporized at the same temperature, water would require more heat to vaporize
• Vapor Pressure
  • Equilibrium of vapor and liquid at some temperature
    • Note: As vaporization occurs, the liquid cools - must be done slowly to ensure equilibrium
  • Increases with increasing temperature

Canvas Exams

• Enthalpy
• Vapor pressure

Day 4

8/24

• Clausius-Clapeyron
  • Relates vapor pressure and temperature
  • Show “extensive property” of ΔH_vap for Canvas Exam (Question 5)

Canvas Exams

• Clausius-Clapeyron

Day 5

08/26

• Discuss HW Exam Policies
• Phase Diagrams
• Heating Curves
  • For heating a substance (extensive property)
    • specific heat
  • For phase transitions (extensive property)
    • latent heat of vaporization
    • latent heat of fusion

Canvas Exams

• Phases
• Heating Curves

Day 6

08/29

Opener

Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry - Getman - 1913 - pg. 128–130

PDF

• Solids
  • General types
  • Unit cells (cubic) - pg. 130
  • Equivalent atoms
  • Empirical formula

Chapter 11 - Solutions

Day 7

8/31

Opener

Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry - Getman - 1913 - pg. 145

PDF

• Solutions
  • Types
• Concentration Units (Part 1)
  • Concentration doesn’t change with mass/volume of solution
  • Whiteboard work PDF

No Canvas Exam – Fundamentals Exam at 6PM

Day 8

9/2

• Solubility
  • Unsaturated
  • Saturated
• Concentration Units (Part 2)
  • Concentration Conversions
  • Whiteboard work PDF
  • Demonstrate that any mass could be assumed… concentration doesn’t change

Canvas Exams

• Concentration Units

HW Exam 10 due 9/4 at 5AM

Day 9

9/7

• Solubility
  • “Like dissolves like”
  • Gases
    • Solubility vs temperature
      • CO₂ in warming oceans
    • Solubility vs pressure
    • Henry’s Law
  • Inorganics
    • Solubility vs temperature

Canvas Exams

• Henry’s Law

Day 10

9/9

• Solubility
  • Organics
    • Solubility vs IMFs
    • Aryl halides – more dispersion – decreasing solubility
      • armoatics/resonance/hybrid orbitals
• Electrolytes
  • Van’t Hoff factor
  • Difference between moles of X and moles of particles
    • NaCl(aq) → Na⁺(aq) + Cl^–(aq)     1 mol NaCl vs 2 mol of dissolved particles
  • Van’t Hoff flashcards (slides)

Canvas Exams

• Electrolytes

Day 11

9/12

• Colligative Properties
  • Board work
  • Vapor pressure lowering
  • Freezing point depression
  • Boiling point elevation
  • Osmotic pressure

Canvas Exams

1. Colligative Properties

Chapter 12 - Kinetics

Day 12

9/14

Opener

Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry - Getman - 1913 - pg. 161

PDF

• Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Velocity
• Average rate
• Instantaneous rate
• Rate expression
• Board work

Canvas Exams

• Average Rates

Day 13

9/16

Opener

Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry - Getman - 1913 - pg. 164

PDF

• Rate laws (PDF)
  • Multi-step vs. elementary step
• Method of Initial rates

Canvas Exams

• Method of Initial Rates

Day 14

9/19

• Integrated Rate laws PDF
• Rate constant units
• Half-life
  • Derive zeroth-order
• Molecularity

Canvas Exams

• Integrated Rate Laws

Day 15

9/21

• Arrhenius Equation (PDF)
• NO₂ Rate Data (Butterworths, 1973)

Canvas Exams

• Arrhenius Equation

Day 16

9/23

• Overview (PDF)
• Kinetics Excel Worksheet (XLSX)
• N₂O₄ Rate Data (Butterworths, 1973)
• ΔH, ΔS, ΔG, K, k
• Reaction energy diagram

Day 17

9/26

• Review energy diagrams
• Catalysts and enzymes (PDF)
• Arrhenius and equilibrium board work (PDF)
  • Arrhenius plot (k vs. T; ln(k) vs 1/T)
  • Finding E_a
  • Finding K from ΔG°
  • Finding K_rev

Canvas Exams

• Energy Diagrams

Chapter 13 – Equilibrium

Day 18

9/28

• Equilibrium board work (PDF)
• Equilibrium expression from rate laws
• ICE Tables and equilibrium problems
  • NO₂ at 25 °C
  • Cubic functions
  • Small ‘x’ approximation

Day 19

9/30

• Correcting the equilibrium constants (PDF)
• Equilibrium board work (PDF)
  • NO₂ at 727 °C

Day 20

10/3

• Equilibrium problems – Different types
• Q vs. K

Canvas Exams

• Equilibrium Basics

Day 21

10/5

• Take-Home Exam – Instructions
• Review
  • Kinetics and Equilibrium

Canvas Exams

• Equilibrium

Day 22

10/07

• Equilibrium concentrations vs. equilibrium pressures
  • K_c vs. K_p
• Le Chatelier’s Principle
• Transforming K

Canvas Exams

• Le Chatelier’s Principle

Day 23

10/10

• K_sp, solubility, and thermodynamics (Link)

Chapter 14 – Acid/Base Equilibria

Day 24

10/12

• Oxidation-Reduction reactions
  • Oxidation numbers
• Acid-ionization reactions
  • Strong vs. weak acids (K_a)
  • 3 M HCl vs HF equilibria and pH

Day 25

10/17

• Acid/Base definitions
• Identifying conjugates

Canvas Exams

• Acid Base Basics

Day 26

10/19

• K_a/K_b/K_w
• pK_a/pK_b/pK_w
• pH/pOH/pK_w
• Acidic/basic salts

Day 27

10/21

• Recap
  • Salts
  • pH of strong/weak acid solutions
  • pH of water (at varying T)
• Percent ionization
• Introduction to buffers

Canvas Exams

• Acid Base Relationships
• Acid Ionization

Day 28

10/24

• Buffers and Henderson-Hasselbalch

Canvas Exams

• Buffers

Day 29

10/26

• Titrations

Day 30

10/28

• Titrations

Chapter 15 – Other Equilibria

Day 31

10/31

• Recap K_sp
• Common ion
• Formation constant

Canvas Exams

• Solubility Product

Chapter 16 – Thermodynamics

Day 32

11/02

• Recap ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG
• Entropy – predictions

Day 33

11/04

• Entropy

Day 34

11/07

• Gibbs free energy
• ΔG, K, and Q
• Exam instructions

Day 35

11/09

No formal class meeting – Comprehensive Exam 6PM

Day 36

11/11

• Thermodynamics: Energy scaling with reaction amount

Chapter 17 - Electrochemistry

Day 37

11/14

• Exam recap
• Refresh of redox reactions (PDF)
  • Oxidation-Reduction
  • Oxidation states

Day 38

11/16

• Notes (PDF)
• Half-reactions
• Galvanic cell
• Cell notation
• E_cell, ΔG°, K

Day 39

11/18

• Nernst Equation
• Concentration Cell

Day 40

11/26

• Quantitative electrochemistry

Chapter 21

Day 41

11/28

• Isotopic notation
• Radioactivity
• Balancing nuclear reactions

Day 42

11/30

• Nuclear kinetics
• Mass-energy equivalence
• Fusion/Fission