L
Law of Conservation of Energy
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
The Law of Conservation of Energy is a fundamental principle of physics that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This means that the total amount of energy in a closed system (one that does not exchange energy with its surroundings) remains constant over time. The Law of Conservation of Energy is a consequence of the principle of energy conservation, which states that the total amount of energy in a system is always conserved, even as it changes form. The Law of Conservation of Energy is a fundamental concept in many areas of science, including mechanics, thermodynamics, and electrodynamics.
Law of Conservation of Mass
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
The Law of Conservation of Mass is a fundamental principle of chemistry that states that the total mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction must be equal to the total mass of the products. This means that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The Law of Conservation of Mass is a consequence of the principle of mass conservation, which states that the total amount of mass in a system is always conserved, even as it changes form. The Law of Conservation of Mass is a fundamental concept in many areas of chemistry, including stoichiometry and thermodynamics. It is a key principle that is used to understand and predict the behavior of chemical reactions.
J.8.2 Law of Constant Heat Summation
See Hess’s Law.
Law of Mass-Energy Equivalence
What is the Law of Mass-Energy Equivalence?
The Law of Mass-Energy Equivalence is a fundamental principle of physics that states that the mass of an object is equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and vice versa. This principle is expressed by the famous equation E=mc2, which was first proposed by Albert Einstein in his theory of special relativity. The Law of Mass-Energy Equivalence states that the total mass of an object is the sum of its rest mass (the mass it has when it is not moving) and its kinetic energy (the energy it has due to its motion). It also states that any increase in the kinetic energy of an object will result in an increase in its mass, and vice versa. The Law of Mass-Energy Equivalence is a fundamental concept in many areas of physics, including thermodynamics and particle physics.
Le Chatelier’s Principle
What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?
Le Chatelier’s Principle is a principle in chemistry that states that when a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress, the system will respond in a way that tends to reduce the stress and re-establish equilibrium. The principle is named after French chemist Henri-Louis Le Châtelier, who developed it in the late 1800s.
Le Chatelier’s Principle can be applied to a variety of chemical systems, including reactions in solution, phase transitions, and chemical reactions involving gases. It is based on the idea that chemical reactions are driven by the desire to reach a state of minimum energy, or equilibrium, and that any change in the conditions of the reaction will result in a change in the equilibrium state of the reaction.
There are several factors that can be used to predict how a chemical system will respond to a change in conditions, including the concentration of the reactants and products, the pressure of the system, the temperature of the system, and the presence of catalysts. By understanding how these factors affect the equilibrium state of a reaction, it is possible to predict the direction in which a reaction will proceed and the extent to which it will proceed.
Le Chatelier’s Principle is an important tool in chemistry and is used to understand the behavior of chemical reactions under different conditions and to predict the outcomes of reactions. It is also useful in the design of chemical processes and the optimization of chemical reactions.
Lewis Structure
A Lewis structure is a way of representing the arrangement of atoms in a molecule or ion using dots to represent valence electrons and lines to represent chemical bonds. In a Lewis structure, each atom is represented by its chemical symbol, and the valence electrons are shown as dots around the symbol. The lines connecting the atoms represent chemical bonds, and the number of dots around each atom indicates the number of valence electrons it has. Lewis structures are used to predict the arrangement of atoms in a molecule or ion, and to determine its chemical properties, such as its reactivity and stability.
Light
What is light?
Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye. It is a form of energy that travels through space at the speed of light in the form of electromagnetic waves. Light is produced by the motion of charged particles, such as electrons, and it is characterized by its wavelength and frequency. The wavelength of light is the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of the wave, and it determines the color of the light. The frequency of light is the number of waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time, and it determines the energy of the light. Light is important because it is a fundamental form of energy that is involved in many physical and chemical processes, and it is the basis of many technologies, such as photography and telecommunications.
Liquid
What is a liquid?
A liquid is a state of matter in which a substance has a definite volume but no definite shape. In contrast to solids, which have a fixed shape, and gases, which can expand to fill their containers, liquids take the shape of their containers but maintain a constant volume. This is because the particles in a liquid are more loosely packed than in a solid and are able to move around and flow past each other. The motion of the particles in a liquid gives it the ability to flow and take the shape of its container.
London Dispersion
DRAFT
London dispersion forces (LDF, also known as dispersion forces, London forces, instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces, fluctuating induced dipole bonds or loosely as van der Waals forces) are a type of intermolecular force acting between atoms and molecules that are normally electrically symmetric; that is, the electrons are symmetrically distributed with respect to the nucleus. They are the weakest intermolecular force.