G Standard Thermodynamic Values for Select Substances

Element	Substance	ΔH°f (kJ mol–1)	ΔG°f (kJ mol–1)	S° (J mol–1 K–1)
Aluminum	Al(s)	0	0	28.3
	Al(g)	324.4	285.7	164.54
	Al3+(aq)	-531	-485	-321.7
	Al2O3(s)	-1676	-1582	50.92
	AlF3(s)	-1510.4	-1425	66.5
	AlCl3(s)	-704.2	-628.8	110.67
	AlCl3·6H2O(s)	-2691.57	-2269.4	376.56
	Al2S3(s)	-724	-492.4	116.9
	Al2(SO4)3(s)	-3445.06	-3506.61	239.32
Antimony	Sb(s)	0	0	45.69
	Sb(g)	262.34	222.17	180.16
	Sb4O6(s)	-1440.55	-1268.17	220.92
	SbCl3(g)	-313.8	-301.2	337.8
	SbCl5(g)	-394.34	-334.29	401.94
	Sb2S3(s)	-174.89	-173.64	182
	SbCl3(s)	-382.17	-323.72	184.1
	SbOCl(s)	-374	—	—
Arsenic	As(s)	0	0	35.1
	As(g)	302.5	261	174.21
	As4(g)	143.9	92.4	314
	As4O6(s)	-1313.94	-1152.52	214.22
	As2O5(s)	-924.87	-782.41	105.44
	AsCl3(g)	-261.5	-248.95	327.06
	As2S3(s)	-169.03	-168.62	163.59
	AsH3(g)	66.44	68.93	222.78
	H3AsO4(s)	-906.3	—	—
Barium	Ba(s)	0	0	62.5
	Ba(g)	180	146	170.24
	Ba2+(aq)	-537.6	-560.8	9.6
	BaO(s)	-548	-520.3	72.1
	BaCl2(s)	-855	-806.7	123.7
	BaSO4(s)	-1473.2	-1362.3	132.2
Beryllium	Be(s)	0	0	9.5
	Be(g)	324.3	286.6	136.27
	BeO(s)	-609.4	-580.1	13.8
Bismuth	Bi(s)	0	0	56.74
	Bi(g)	207.1	168.2	187
	Bi2O3(s)	-573.88	-493.7	151.5
	BiCl3(s)	-379.07	-315.06	176.98
	Bi2S3(s)	-143.1	-140.6	200.4
Boron	B(s)	0	0	5.86
	B(g)	565	521	153.4
	B2O3(s)	-1273.5	1194.3	53.97
	B2H6(g)	36.4	87.6	232.1
	H3BO3(s)	-1094.33	-968.92	88.83
	BF3(g)	-1136	-1119.4	254.4
	BCl3(g)	-403.8	-388.7	290.1
	B3N3H6(l)	-540.99	-392.79	199.58
	HBO2(s)	-794.25	-723.41	37.66
Bromine	Br2(l)	0	0	152.23
	Br2(g)	30.91	3.142	245.5
	Br(g)	111.88	82.429	175
	Br–(aq)	120.9	-102.82	80.71
	BrF3(g)	-255.6	-229.45	292.42
	HBr(g)	-36.3	-53.43	198.7
Cadmium	Cd(s)	0	0	51.76
	Cd(g)	112.01	77.41	167.75
	Cd2+(aq)	-75.9	-77.61	-73.2
	CdO(s)	-258.2	-228.4	54.8
	CdCl2(s)	-391.5	-343.9	115.3
	CdSO4(s)	-933.3	-822.7	123
	CdS(s)	-161.9	-156.5	64.9
Calcium	Ca(s)	0	0	41.6
	Ca(g)	178.2	144.3	154.88
	Ca2+(aq)	-542.96	-553.04	-55.2
	CaO(s)	-634.9	-603.3	38.1
	Ca(OH)2(s)	-985.2	-897.5	83.4
	CaSO4(s)	-1434.5	-1322	106.5
	CaSO4·2H2O(s)	-2022.63	-1797.45	194.14
	CaCO3(s) (calcite)	-1220	-1081.41	10
	CaSO3·H2O(s)	-1752.68	-1555.19	184.1
Carbon	C(s) (graphite)	0	0	5.74
	C(s) (diamond)	1.89	2.9	2.38
	C(g)	716.681	671.2	158.1
	CO(g)	-110.52	-137.15	197.7
	CO2(g)	-393.51	-394.36	213.8
	CO32–(aq)	-677.1	-527.8	-56.9
	CH4(g)	-74.6	-50.5	186.3
	CH3OH(l)	-239.2	-166.6	126.8
	CH3OH(g)	-201	-162.3	239.9
	CCl4(l)	-128.2	-62.5	214.4
	CCl4(g)	-95.7	-58.2	309.7
	CHCl3(l)	-134.1	-73.7	201.7
	CHCl3(g)	-103.14	-70.34	295.71
	CS2(l)	89.7	65.27	151.34
	CS2(g)	116.9	66.8	238
	C2H2(g)	227.4	209.2	200.9
	C2H4(g)	52.4	68.4	219.3
	C2H6(g)	-84	-32	229.2
	CH3CO2H(l)	-484.3	-389.9	159.8
	CH3CO2H(g)	-434.84	-376.69	282.5
	C2H5OH(l)	-277.6	-174.8	160.7
	C2H5OH(g)	-234.8	-167.9	281.6
	HCO3–(aq)	-691.11	-587.06	95
	C3H8(g)	-103.8	-23.4	270.3
	C6H6(g)	82.927	129.66	269.2
	C6H6(l)	49.1	124.5	173.4
	CH2Cl2(l)	-124.2	-63.2	177.8
	CH2Cl2(g)	-95.4	-65.9	270.2
	CH3Cl(g)	-81.9	-60.2	234.6
	C2H5Cl(l)	-136.52	-59.31	190.79
	C2H5Cl(g)	-112.17	-60.39	276
	C2N2(g)	308.98	297.36	241.9
	HCN(l)	108.9	125	112.8
	HCN(g)	135.5	124.7	201.8
Cesium	Cs+(aq)	-248	-282	133
Chlorine	Cl2(g)	0	0	223.1
	Cl(g)	121.3	105.7	165.2
	Cl–(aq)	-167.2	-131.2	56.5
	ClF(g)	-54.48	-55.94	217.78
	ClF3(g)	-158.99	-118.83	281.5
	Cl2O(g)	80.3	97.9	266.2
	Cl2O7(l)	238.1	—	—
	Cl2O7(g)	272	—	—
	HCl(g)	-92.307	-95.299	186.9
	HClO4(l)	-40.58	—	—
Chromium	Cr(s)	0	0	23.77
	Cr(g)	396.6	351.8	174.5
	CrO42–(aq)	-881.2	-727.8	50.21
	Cr2O72–(aq)	-1490.3	-1301.1	261.9
	Cr2O3(s)	-1139.7	-1058.1	81.2
	CrO3(s)	-589.5	—	—
	(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)	-1806.7	—	—
Cobalt	Co(s)	0	0	30
	Co2+(aq)	-67.4	-51.5	-155
	Co3+(aq)	92	134	-305
	CoO(s)	-237.9	-214.2	52.97
	Co3O4(s)	-910.02	794.98	114.22
	Co(NO3)2(s)	-420.5	—	—
Copper	Cu(s)	0	0	33.15
	Cu(g)	338.32	298.58	166.38
	Cu+(aq)	51.9	50.2	-26
	Cu2+(aq)	64.77	65.49	-99.6
	CuO(s)	-157.3	-129.7	42.63
	Cu2O(s)	-168.6	-146	93.14
	CuS(s)	-53.1	-53.6	66.5
	Cu2S(s)	-79.5	-86.2	120.9
	CuSO4(s)	-771.36	-662.2	109.2
	Cu(NO3)2(s)	-302.9	—	—
Fluorine	F2(g)	0	0	202.8
	F(g)	79.4	62.3	158.8
	F–(aq)	-332.6	-278.8	-13.8
	F2O(g)	24.7	41.9	247.43
	HF(g)	-273.3	-275.4	173.8
	HF(aq)	-332.6	-278.8	-13.8
Hydrogen	H2(g)	0	0	130.7
	H(g)	217.97	203.26	114.7
	H+(aq)	0	0	0
	OH–(aq)	-230	-157.2	-10.75
	H3O+(aq)	-285.8	—	69.91
	H2O(l)	-285.83	-237.1	70
	H2O(g)	-241.82	-228.59	188.8
	H2O2(l)	-187.78	-120.35	109.6
	H2O2(g)	-136.3	-105.6	232.7
	HF(g)	-273.3	-275.4	173.8
	HCl(g)	-92.307	-95.299	186.9
	HBr(g)	-36.3	-53.43	198.7
	HI(g)	26.48	1.7	206.59
	H2S(g)	-20.6	-33.4	205.8
	H2Se(g)	29.7	15.9	219
Iodine	I2(s)	0	0	116.14
	I2(g)	62.438	19.3	260.7
	I(g)	106.84	70.2	180.8
	I–(aq)	-56.824	-51.57	106.45
	IF(g)	95.65	-118.49	236.06
	ICl(g)	17.78	-5.44	247.44
	IBr(g)	40.84	3.72	258.66
	IF7(g)	-943.91	-818.39	346.44
	HI(g)	26.48	1.7	206.59
Iron	Fe(s)	0	0	27.3
	Fe(g)	416.3	370.7	180.5
	Fe2+(aq)	-89.1	-78.9	-137.7
	Fe3+(aq)	-48.5	-4.7	-315.9
	Fe2O3(s)	-824.2	-742.2	87.4
	Fe3O4(s)	-1118.4	-1015.4	146.4
	Fe(CO)5(l)	-774.04	-705.42	338.07
	Fe(CO)5(g)	-733.87	-697.26	445.18
	FeCl2(s)	-341.79	-302.3	117.95
	FeCl3(s)	-399.49	-334	142.3
	FeO(s)	-272	-255.2	60.75
	Fe(OH)2(s)	-569	-486.5	88
	Fe(OH)3(s)	-823	-696.5	106.7
	FeS(s)	-100	-100.4	60.29
	Fe3C(s)	25.1	20.08	104.6
Lead	Pb(s)	0	0	64.81
	Pb(g)	195.2	162	175.4
	Pb2+(aq)	-1.7	-24.43	10.5
	PbO(s) (yellow)	-217.32	187.89	68.7
	PbO(s) (red)	-218.99	-188.93	66.5
	Pb(OH)2(s)	-515.9	—	—
	PbS(s)	-100.4	-98.7	91.2
	Pb(NO3)2(s)	-451.9	—	—
	PbO2(s)	-277.4	-217.3	68.6
	PbCl2(s)	-359.4	-314.1	136
Lithium	Li(s)	0	0	29.1
	Li(g)	159.3	126.6	138.8
	Li+(aq)	-278.5	-293.3	13.4
	LiH(s)	-90.5	-68.3	20
	Li(OH)(s)	-487.5	-441.5	42.8
	LiF(s)	-616	-587.5	35.7
	Li2CO3(s)	-1216.04	-1132.19	90.17
Magnesium	Mg2+(aq)	-466.9	-454.8	-138.1
Manganese	Mn(s)	0	0	32
	Mn(g)	280.7	238.5	173.7
	Mn2+(aq)	220.8	-228.1	-73.6
	MnO(s)	-385.2	-362.9	59.71
	MnO2(s)	-520.03	-465.1	53.05
	Mn2O3(s)	-958.97	-881.15	110.46
	Mn3O4(s)	-1378.83	-1283.23	155.64
	MnO4–(aq)	-541.4	-447.2	191.2
	MnO42–(aq)	-653	-500.7	59
Mercury	Hg(l)	0	0	75.9
	Hg(g)	61.4	31.8	175
	Hg2+(aq)	—	164.8	—
	Hg2+(aq)	172.4	153.9	84.5
	HgO(s) (red)	-90.83	-58.5	70.29
	HgO(s) (yellow)	-90.46	-58.43	71.13
	HgCl2(s)	-224.3	-178.6	146
	Hg2Cl2(s)	-265.4	-210.7	191.6
	HgS(s) (red)	-58.16	-50.6	82.4
	HgS(s) (black)	-53.56	-47.7	88.28
	HgSO4(s)	-707.51	-594.13	0
Nickel	Ni2+(aq)	-64	-46.4	-159
Nitrogen	N2(g)	0	0	191.6
	N(g)	472.704	455.5	153.3
	NO(g)	90.25	87.6	210.8
	NO2(g)	33.2	51.3	240.1
	N2O(g)	81.6	103.7	220
	N2O3(g)	83.72	139.41	312.17
	NO3–(aq)	-205	-108.7	146.4
	N2O4(g)	11.1	99.8	304.4
	N2O5(g)	11.3	115.1	355.7
	NH3(g)	-45.9	-16.5	192.8
	NH4+(aq)	-132.5	-79.31	113.4
	N2H4(l)	50.63	149.43	121.21
	N2H4(g)	95.4	159.4	238.5
	NH4NO3(s)	-365.56	-183.87	151.08
	NH4Cl(s)	-314.43	-202.87	94.6
	NH4Br(s)	-270.8	-175.2	113
	NH4I(s)	-201.4	-112.5	117
	NH4NO2(s)	-256.5	—	—
	HNO3(l)	-174.1	-80.7	155.6
	HNO3(g)	-133.9	-73.5	266.9
Oxygen	O2(g)	0	0	205.2
	O(g)	249.17	231.7	161.1
	O3(g)	142.7	163.2	238.9
Phosphorus	P4(s)	0	0	164.4
	P4(g)	58.91	24.4	280
	P(g)	314.64	278.25	163.19
	PH3(g)	5.4	13.5	210.2
	PCl3(g)	-287	-267.8	311.78
	PCl5(g)	-374.9	-305	364.4
	P4O6(s)	1640.1	—	—
	P4O10(s)	-2984	-2697	228.86
	PO43–(aq)	-1277	-1019	-222
	HPO3(s)	-948.5	—	—
	HPO42–(aq)	-1292.1	-1089.3	-33
	H2PO42–(aq)	-1296.3	-1130.4	90.4
	H3PO2(s)	604.6	—	—
	H3PO3(s)	964.4	—	—
	H3PO4(s)	-1279	-1119.1	110.5
	H3PO4(l)	-1266.9	-1124.3	110.5
	H4P2O7(s)	-2241	—	—
	POCl3(l)	-597.1	-520.8	222.5
	POCl3(g)	-558.5	-512.9	325.5
Potassium	K(s)	0	0	64.7
	K(g)	89	60.5	160.3
	K+(aq)	-252.4	-283.3	102.5
	KF(s)	-576.27	-537.75	66.57
	KCl(s)	-436.5	-408.5	82.6
Rubidium	Rb+(aq)	-246	-282.2	124
Silicion	Si(s)	0	0	18.8
	Si(g)	450	405.5	168
	SiO2(s)	-910.7	-856.3	41.5
	SiH4(g)	34.3	56.9	204.6
	H2SiO3(s)	-1188.67	-1092.44	133.89
	H4SiO4(s)	-1481.14	-1333.02	192.46
	SiF4(g)	-1615	-1572.8	282.8
	SiCl4(l)	-687	-619.8	239.7
	SiCl4(g)	-662.75	-622.58	330.62
	SiC(s, beta cubic)	-73.22	-70.71	16.61
	SiC(s, alpha hexagonal)	-71.55	-69.04	16.48
Silver	Ag(s)	0	0	42.55
	Ag(g)	284.9	246	172.89
	Ag+(aq)	105.6	77.11	72.68
	Ag2O(s)	-31.05	-11.2	121.3
	AgCl(s)	-127	-109.8	96.3
	Ag2S(s)	-32.6	-40.7	144
Sodium	Na(s)	0	0	51.3
	Na(g)	107.5	77	153.7
	Na+(aq)	-240.1	-261.9	59
	Na2O(s)	-414.2	-375.5	75.1
	NaCl(s)	-411.2	-384.1	72.1
Strontium	Sr2+(aq)	-545.8	-557.3	-32.6
Sulfur	S8(s) (rhombic)	0	0	256.8
	S(g)	278.81	238.25	167.82
	S2–(aq)	41.8	83.7	22
	SO2(g)	-296.83	-300.1	248.2
	SO3(g)	-395.72	-371.06	256.76
	SO42–(aq)	-909.3	-744.5	20.1
	S2O32–(aq)	-648.5	-522.5	67
	H2S(g)	-20.6	-33.4	205.8
	HS–(aq)	-17.7	12.6	61.1
	H2SO4(l)	-813.989	690	156.9
	HSO42–(aq)	-885.75	-752.87	126.9
	H2S2O7(s)	-1273.6	—	—
	SF4(g)	-728.43	-684.84	291.12
	SF6(g)	-1220.5	-1116.5	291.5
	SCl2(l)	-50	—	—
	SCl2(g)	-19.7	—	—
	S2Cl2(l)	-59.4	—	—
	S2Cl2(g)	-19.5	-29.25	319.45
	SOCl2(g)	-212.55	-198.32	309.66
	SOCl2(l)	-245.6	—	—
	SO2Cl2(l)	394.1	—	—
	SO2Cl2(g)	-354.8	-310.45	311.83
Tin	Sn(s)	0	0	51.2
	Sn(g)	301.2	266.2	168.5
	SnO(s)	-285.8	-256.9	56.5
	SnO2(s)	-577.6	-515.8	49
	SnCl4(l)	-511.3	-440.1	258.6
	SnCl4(g)	-471.5	-432.2	365.8
Titanium	Ti(s)	0	0	30.7
	Ti(g)	473	428.4	180.3
	TiO2(s)	-944	-888.8	50.6
	TiCl4(l)	-804.2	-737.2	252.4
	TiCl4(g)	-763.2	-726.3	353.2
Tungsten	W(s)	0	0	32.6
	W(g)	849.4	807.1	174
	WO3(s)	-842.9	-764	75.9
Zinc	Zn(s)	0	0	41.6
	Zn(g)	130.73	95.14	160.98
	Zn2+(aq)	-153.9	-147.1	-112.1
	ZnO(s)	-350.5	-320.5	43.7
	ZnCl2(s)	-415.1	-369.43	111.5
	ZnS(s)	-206	-201.3	57.7
	ZnSO4(s)	-982.8	-871.5	110.5
	ZnCO3(s)	-812.78	-731.57	82.42
Complexes	[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, cis	-898.7	—	—
	[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, trans	-896.2	—	—
	NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]	-837.6	—	—
	[Co(NH3)6][Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]3	-2733	—	—
	[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, cis	-874.9	—	—
	[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, trans	-877.4	—	—
	[Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3, cis	-689.5	—	—
	[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, cis	-681.2	—	—
	[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans	-677.4	—	—
	[Co(en)3] (ClO4)3	-762.7	—	—
	[Co(en)3]Br2	-595.8	—	—
	[Co(en)3]I2	-475.3	—	—
	[Co(en)3]I3	-519.2	—	—
	[Co(NH3)6] (ClO4)3	-1034.7	-221.1	615
	[Co(NH3)5NO2] (NO3)2	-1088.7	-412.9	331
	[Co(NH3)6] (NO3)3	-1282	-524.5	448
	[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2	-1017.1	-582.5	366.1
	[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2	-725.5	—	—
	[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2	-994.1	—	—
	[Ni(NH3)6]Br2	-923.8	—	—
	[Ni(NH3)6]I2	-808.3	—	—

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